Schweinsteiger, 32, was left in tears at a presentation before Germany's 2-0 friendly win over Finland.
The Manchester United midfielder made his Germany debut in June 2004 and ends his international career with 121 caps and 24 goals.
"It means so much that you're here today. It has been an honour to play for you," he told the crowd.
"I think you all saw how it affected me. I had just wanted to enjoy every moment, but I hadn't expected it to be so lovely."
